• Spanking children younger than18 months of age increases the chance of physical injury, and the child is unlikely to understand the connection between the behavior and the punishment.
• Spanking models aggressive behavior as a solution to conflict.
• Spanking results in a child behaving more aggressively. Although spanking may result in a reaction of shock by the child and cessation of the undesired behavior, repeated spanking may cause agitated, aggressive behavior in the child that may even lead to physical altercation between parent and child. When controlling for baseline antisocial behavior, the more 3- to 6-year-old children were hit, the worse their behavior when assessed 2 years later. Spanking of preschool boys by fathers with whom the child identified only moderately or little resulted in increased aggressive behavior by those children.
• The more children are hit, the more anger they report as adults, the more they hit their own children when they are parents, the more likely they are to approve of hitting and to actually hit their spouses, and the greater their marital conflict.
• Spanking and threats of spanking lead to negatively altered parent–child relationships. This makes discipline substantially more difficult when physical punishment is no longer an option, such as with adolescents. 
• Spanking makes the use of other discipline strategies less effective. Time-out and positive reinforcement of other behaviors are more difficult to implement and take longer to become effective when spanking has previously been a primary method of discipline.
• Spanking is likely to increase in frequency. Because spanking may provide the parent some relief from anger, the likelihood that the parent will spank the child in the future is increased.
• Parents who spank are more likely to use harsher forms of corporal punishment. When punishment fails, parents who rely on corporal punishment tend to increase the intensity of its use rather than to change strategies. Parents who spank are also more likely to use other forms of corporal punishment and a greater variety of verbal and other punitive methods.
• Parents are more likely to spank their children when they're angry, irritable, depressed, fatigued, and stressed. In 44% of those surveyed, corporal punishment was used 50% of the time because the parent had lost it. Approximately 85% expressed moderate to high anger, remorse, and agitation while punishing their children.These findings challenge most the notion that parents can spank in a calm, planned manner. It is best not to administer any punishments while in a state of anger.
• Parents who spank their young children are likely to continue spanking them info adolescene. More than half of 13- and 14-year-olds are still being hit an average eight times per year. Parents who have relied on spanking do not seem to shift strategies when the risks of detrimental effects increase with developmental age, as has been argued.
• Spanking older children and adolescents has been associated with higher rates of physical aggression, more substance abuse, and increased risk of crime and violence.
• Corporal punishment in two-parent, middle class families occurred weekly in 25%, was associated with the use of an object occasionally in 35% and half of the time in 17%, caused considerable pain at times in 12%, and inflicted lastingmarks at times in 5%. Thus, striking children in the abusive range is neither rare nor confined to families of lower socioeconomic class, as has been asserted.
• Although children may view spanking as justified and symbolic of parental concern for them, they rate spanking as causing some or much pain in more than half of cases and generally experience anger at the adult as a result. Despite this, children come to accept spanking as a parent's right at an early age, making changes in adult acceptance of spanking more difficult.
• Although 93% of parents justify spanking, 85% say that they would rather not if they had an alternative in which they believed. One study found that 54% of mothers said that spanking was the wrong thing to have done in at least half of the times they used it. This ambivalence likely results in inconsistent use, which limits further its effectiveness as a teaching tool.
• Although spanking has been shown to be effective as a back-up to enforce a time-out location, it was not more effective than use of a barrier as an alternative.
• Actions causing pain such as spanking can acquire a positive value rather than the intended adversive value. Children who expect pain may actually seek it through escalating misbehaviors.

• Spanking children younger than18 months of age increases the chance of physical injury, and the child is unlikely to understand the connection between the behavior and the punishment.
• Spanking models aggressive behavior as a solution to conflict.
• Spanking results in a child behaving more aggressively. Although spanking may result in a reaction of shock by the child and cessation of the undesired behavior, repeated spanking may cause agitated, aggressive behavior in the child that may even lead to physical altercation between parent and child. When controlling for baseline antisocial behavior, the more 3- to 6-year-old children were hit, the worse their behavior when assessed 2 years later. Spanking of preschool boys by fathers with whom the child identified only moderately or little resulted in increased aggressive behavior by those children.
• The more children are hit, the more anger they report as adults, the more they hit their own children when they are parents, the more likely they are to approve of hitting and to actually hit their spouses, and the greater their marital conflict.
• Spanking and threats of spanking lead to negatively altered parent–child relationships. This makes discipline substantially more difficult when physical punishment is no longer an option, such as with adolescents. 
• Spanking makes the use of other discipline strategies less effective. Time-out and positive reinforcement of other behaviors are more difficult to implement and take longer to become effective when spanking has previously been a primary method of discipline.
• Spanking is likely to increase in frequency. Because spanking may provide the parent some relief from anger, the likelihood that the parent will spank the child in the future is increased.
• Parents who spank are more likely to use harsher forms of corporal punishment. When punishment fails, parents who rely on corporal punishment tend to increase the intensity of its use rather than to change strategies. Parents who spank are also more likely to use other forms of corporal punishment and a greater variety of verbal and other punitive methods.
• Parents are more likely to spank their children when they're angry, irritable, depressed, fatigued, and stressed. In 44% of those surveyed, corporal punishment was used 50% of the time because the parent had lost it. Approximately 85% expressed moderate to high anger, remorse, and agitation while punishing their children.These findings challenge most the notion that parents can spank in a calm, planned manner. It is best not to administer any punishments while in a state of anger.
• Parents who spank their young children are likely to continue spanking them info adolescene. More than half of 13- and 14-year-olds are still being hit an average eight times per year. Parents who have relied on spanking do not seem to shift strategies when the risks of detrimental effects increase with developmental age, as has been argued.
• Spanking older children and adolescents has been associated with higher rates of physical aggression, more substance abuse, and increased risk of crime and violence.
• Corporal punishment in two-parent, middle class families occurred weekly in 25%, was associated with the use of an object occasionally in 35% and half of the time in 17%, caused considerable pain at times in 12%, and inflicted lastingmarks at times in 5%. Thus, striking children in the abusive range is neither rare nor confined to families of lower socioeconomic class, as has been asserted.
• Although children may view spanking as justified and symbolic of parental concern for them, they rate spanking as causing some or much pain in more than half of cases and generally experience anger at the adult as a result. Despite this, children come to accept spanking as a parent's right at an early age, making changes in adult acceptance of spanking more difficult.
• Although 93% of parents justify spanking, 85% say that they would rather not if they had an alternative in which they believed. One study found that 54% of mothers said that spanking was the wrong thing to have done in at least half of the times they used it. This ambivalence likely results in inconsistent use, which limits further its effectiveness as a teaching tool.
• Although spanking has been shown to be effective as a back-up to enforce a time-out location, it was not more effective than use of a barrier as an alternative.
• Actions causing pain such as spanking can acquire a positive value rather than the intended adversive value. Children who expect pain may actually seek it through escalating misbehaviors.

"Children need to be smacked or they'll end up in prison!" 

"You can't put them in the same group as adults, they're irrational."

"I am worthless, I am bad, I am undeserving of love, I am stupid." 

• Distraction: using an object or activity to divert a child's attention away from the undesired behavior.
• Alternatives: offering a different object or activity that is more appropriate.
• Structure: providing a daily routine in which children feel comfortable and prepared.
• One-on-one: regular quality time with children that is child led.

"You will find people who were born into households where every other adult family member, including older siblings, had the right to inflict whippings at whim, and often did. You will find people who in childhood were never cuddled, hugged, played with, protected, guided, comforted, soothed, read to, listened to or tucked in, but mainly growled at, barked at, insulted, smacked and ignored. You will find people who never had a single possession that was not subject to being wrenched away by somebody stronger. You will find people who grew up in families where the late-night sound of someone whipping a colicky infant with a wire coat hanger was nothing out of the ordinary. You will find people who in childhood, even in infancy, were targets for adults' sexual appetites. You will find people who, throughout their developmental years, were rarely or never touched by any hand except in ways that frighten, hurt and leave bruises."